51 research outputs found
Governing by internet architecture
In the past thirty years, the exponential rise in the number of Internet users around the word and the intensive use of the digital networks have brought to light crucial political issues. Internet is now the object of regulations. Namely, it is a policy domain. Yet, its own architecture represents a new regulative structure, one deeply affecting politics and everyday life. This article considers some of the main transformations of the Internet induced by privatization and militarization processes, as well as their consequences on societies and human beings.En los Ășltimos treinta años ha crecido de manera exponencial el nĂșmero de usuarios de Internet alrededor del mundo y el uso intensivo de conexiones digitales ha traĂdo a la luz cuestiones polĂticas cruciales. Internet es ahora objeto de regulaciones. Es decir, es un ĂĄmbito de la polĂtica. AĂșn su propia arquitectura representa una nueva estructura reguladora, que afecta profundamente la polĂtica y la vida cotidiana. Este artĂculo considera algunas de las principales transformaciones de Internet inducida por procesos de privatizaciĂłn y militarizaciĂłn, como tambiĂ©n sus consecuencias en las sociedades y en los seres humanos
Between reason of state and reason of market: the developments of internet governance in historical perspective
âNo sovereignty, no elected government, no authority, no bordersâ. It was exactly
twenty years ago, John Perry Barlow proclaimed his Declaration of the Independence of
Cyberspace. And those were his keywords. Today, we can say that the development of
Internet governance as a global policy arena is the answer to the questions that Barlow
believed irrelevant to the proper development of cyberspace. If founding myths
about an ungovernable, borderless, and intangible Internet have been demolished,
what power relations have emerged in the Internet governance arena? What are the
ideas âor the normative valuesâ that sustain and legitimize the political role of governmental
and nongovernmental actors? And, finally, is the multi-stakeholder model
capable of grasping the real conflicts over political power, or is it part of those conflicts,
a narrative supporting specific interests and coalitions? The main aim of this
article is to consider these issues by analysing the developments of political conflicts
over Internet governance, from the IAHC to WSIS, until recent processes such as the
WCIT and NetMundial.âNinguna soberanĂa, ningĂșn gobierno electivo, ninguna autoridad, ningĂșn confĂnâ.
Hace veinte años, John Perry Barlow proclamó su Declaración de Independencia del
Ciberespacio. Y estas eran las palabras clave. Hoy dĂa, podemos afirmar que el desarrollo
del Internet Governance como ĂĄmbito de policy global responde a las preguntas que Barlow
consideraba irrelevantes precisamente por lo que al desarrollo del ciberespacio se
referĂa. Una vez que los mitos fundadores de un Internet sin confines, inmaterial y falto
de estructuras de gobierno han sido derrotados, ÂżcuĂĄles son las relaciones de poder que
han emergido en el campo del dominio del Internet? ÂżCuĂĄles son las ideas âo los valores
normativosâ que sostienen y legitiman el papel polĂtico de los actores gubernamentales
y no gubernamentales? AdemĂĄs, Âżel modelo multi-stakeholder sabe distinguir los
conflictos de poder reales, o Ă©l mismo parte de esos conflictos, como un discurso de
apoyo de los intereses y de las coaliciones en juego? El objetivo principal del artĂculo
es analizar esos cuestionamientos a través del anålisis del desarrollo de los conflictos
polĂticos respecto de la gobernanza de la red: del IAHC al WSIS, hasta llegar a los procesos
mĂĄs recientes, como el WCIT y el NetMundial
Anchoring digital rights: digital constitutionalism in hard times
Just like modern political regimes, the governance of digital networks has been often oscillating between the expansion of unconstrained powersâboth public and privateâand the thrust forward a more effective protection of fundamental rights. Currently, under the pressure of a mounting global public health and economic crisis, the progressive constitutionalisation of the digital environment stands at a crossroads. On the one hand, the increasing reliance of contemporary societies on digital networks during a state of emergency is raising awareness about the need for fundamental rights protection online. On the other hand, the global pandemic risks to further increase inequalities of access to knowledge and communication, and to legitimise the use of digital technologies for authoritarian and surveillance purposes. This chapter seeks to identify actors, processes and mechanisms that anchor citizensâ rights and constitutional values in times of crisis. Through a multidisciplinary approach including law, political science and communication studies, the authors analyse and discuss key opportunities for digital constitutionalism. In this way, the chapter outlines a set of possible paths of âanchoringâ human rights and democratic values in the digital ecosystem
Affiliative Bonds and Cruel Behavior in Childhood Interspecific Relationships: A Conceptual Framework on the Psychodynamics of Affect Regulation
Background: Childhood interspecific relationships can be viewed as a mirror of the personâs capacity to interact with other living beings. The interspecific relationship can involve different attachment styles, affect regulation skills, transitional object dynamics, and self-awareness and mentalization processes. Yet interspecific relationships can also be disrupted, since they can be associated with cruel behavior toward animals, which is in turn related to possible psychopathology.
Method: We provided a conceptual framework based on the literature addressing the interspecific relationship in both its adaptive and positive features as well as in its disrupted aspects.
Discussion: Pets have often been regarded as attachment figures that can aid children in socialization and growth processes. They have been deemed to represent âsocial catalystsâ that tend to facilitate human relationships, thus increasing prosocial behaviors. On the dark side of the pet-child interaction, childhood abuse of animals tends to be associated with behavioral and emotional problems that have been thought of as underlying psychopathology (e.g., conduct disorder and antisocial personality traits). Childhood cruelty to animals seems to accompany emotion dysregulation, poor social information processing, and low empathy.
Conclusions: Since the child-pet relationship has substantial implications for the individualâs mental health and for the potential development of psychopathology, addressing childrenâs attitudes toward animals can aid in understanding the affective and emotional dimensions of their interpersonal experience
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